Grade 12 Science Worksheets

Learning Objectives

• Use ray diagrams and the law of reflection to predict light directions at surfaces.
• Apply Snell’s law to determine refraction angles and interpret physical bending of rays.
• Use thin-lens and magnification equations to predict image position and orientation.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Describe the molecular structure of DNA, including nucleotide components and antiparallel strands.
• Explain how phosphodiester backbones and hydrogen bonding contribute to DNA structural stability.
• Connect DNA molecular architecture to conserved patterns across organisms using Alberta examples.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how greenhouse gases and aerosols affect Earth’s energy balance and climate trends.
• Compare natural and human drivers of climate change, including volcanic eruptions and El Niño.
• Analyze how different timescales of forcing can lead to observed changes in weather patterns.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how atomic packing and unit-cell geometry relate to the properties of ionic crystals, metallic lattices, and covalent networks.
• Use band theory ideas to describe how electron energy bands lead to conductivity and semiconducting behavior.
• Predict how crystal defects and impurities can change mechanical strength and electrical behavior.

Learning Objectives

• Explain the major processes of erosion dynamics: detachment, transport, and deposition, and how they reshape Earth’s surface.
• Analyze how water, ice, wind, and gravity drive erosion differently in river, glacial, and coastal environments.
• Evaluate how climate, vegetation, and tectonic uplift influence erosion rates and downstream sediment records.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how convergent plate interactions produce mountain building (orogeny) through deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism.
• Compare mountain-building outcomes from subduction zones versus continent-continent collision.
• Use rock structures and metamorphic patterns to infer the timing and intensity of past tectonic events.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how PCR, gel electrophoresis, and high-throughput sequencing each contribute to nucleic-acid analysis.
• Compare nucleic-acid delivery and genome editing tools (recombinant plasmids, viral vectors, CRISPR-Cas) in basic terms.
• Evaluate scientific, medical, and ethical considerations (efficacy, safety, and responsible use) when applying molecular techniques.

Learning Objectives

• Use Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium to predict how allele and genotype frequencies behave in idealized populations.
• Analyze how selection coefficients, migration, and genetic drift can shift allele frequencies and genetic diversity.
• Interpret heterozygosity, effective population size, and fixation indices to explain microevolutionary change.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how mutation, gene regulation, and natural selection can jointly produce adaptive evolutionary change.
• Describe how gene flow influences allele frequencies and population responses to selection.
• Connect DNA-level variation to gene expression, fitness consequences, and ecological outcomes.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how energy flows through trophic levels and why transfer is inefficient.
• Analyze how keystone species and trophic cascades can reshape community structure.
• Connect biogeochemical cycles to nutrient availability and long-term ecosystem productivity.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how mid-ocean ridges generate new oceanic crust through sea-floor spreading.
• Describe how magnetic stripes form from Earth’s changing magnetic field during crust cooling.
• Interpret how magnetic anomaly patterns and radiometric ages support plate motion reconstructions.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Frame senior design research questions that can be tested with controlled comparisons and clear success criteria.
• Manage variables and sampling strategies for air or water monitoring in field and laboratory contexts.
• Apply basic statistical reasoning to interpret significance, error sources, and uncertainty characterization.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how reduced gene flow and different selective pressures can lead to speciation over long timescales.
• Analyze how environmental change can shift allele frequencies in separated populations.
• Evaluate how barriers (geographic, ecological, or behavioral) reinforce reproductive isolation.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how gravity produces Keplerian motion and how orbital energy relates to orbital shape
• Apply conservation of energy and angular momentum concepts to interpret changes in orbits, including resonances
• Analyze how eccentricity and inclination affect seasonal insolation patterns and how tides drive long-term orbital evolution+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain why correct citation, authorship criteria, and data provenance are essential for scientific integrity.
• Apply ethical rules for citing sources, reporting methods, archiving data, and using persistent identifiers to improve reproducibility.
• Recognize responsible practices for negative results, sensitive data handling, and avoiding plagiarism.

Learning Objectives

• Explain the purpose of ethical review in research and how it supports public trust and participant safety.
• Identify common research-integrity issues (conflicts of interest, data mismanagement, authorship problems) and their consequences.
• Apply ethical principles to situations involving reproducibility, transparent reporting, peer review, and anomalous or negative results.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how genes located on chromosomes influence inherited traits.
• Describe how chromosome behavior during cell division supports the transmission of genetic information.
• Use evidence from gene and chromosome structure to interpret patterns of inheritance and variation.

Learning Objectives

• Explain Newton’s third law as force pairs that act on different objects and have equal magnitude and opposite direction.
• Analyze collision scenarios using action–reaction force pairs to predict momentum change and recoil.
• Differentiate how mass differences lead to different accelerations from the same interaction force pair.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how gravitational force depends on mass and distance and how that dependence affects motion.
• Describe orbital motion as continual free-fall with changing direction.
• Use inverse-square reasoning to compare gravitational acceleration at different distances.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how Kepler’s laws describe relationships between a planet’s orbital period and its distance from the star.
• Connect orbital motion to gravitational forces and centripetal acceleration in circular and elliptical approximations.
• Evaluate evidence from multiple planetary systems to support the idea of consistent underlying physics.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how genetic information in DNA is used to produce messenger RNA (transcription).
• Describe how ribosomes translate mRNA codons into a polypeptide using tRNA and amino acids.
• Connect changes in the DNA sequence to possible effects on protein function and traits.

Learning Objectives

• Calculate and interpret work done by a force using the relationship between force, displacement, and direction.
• Explain how power describes the rate of energy transfer and compare situations using work and power.
• Apply work-energy and power concepts to real-world examples such as lifting loads and comparing machines.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how gene flow and genetic drift change allele frequencies in populations over time
• Analyze how population size and connectivity influence the strength of genetic drift and gene flow
• Evaluate how chance and migration interact with natural selection to produce evolutionary patterns

Learning Objectives

• Use confidence intervals and uncertainty language to interpret environmental and public health data.
• Evaluate hypotheses using evidence and justify conclusions with statistical reasoning.
• Analyze how measurement error and uncertainty can affect model-based decisions.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how electromagnetic waves travel and how frequency, wavelength, and energy are related across the spectrum
• Use quantitative relationships to analyze wave properties (e.g., wavelength–frequency–energy) for communication scenarios
• Apply Maxwellian ideas to describe how changing electric and magnetic fields support wave propagation+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how laminar and turbulent flow relate to river hazards, sediment transport, and pollutant dispersion
• Apply continuity and Bernoulli’s relationships to predict qualitative changes in pressure and velocity in natural systems
• Use scaling arguments and dimensional analysis to connect laboratory measurements to field-scale fluid motion in Alberta

Learning Objectives

• Explain how momentum conservation applies to systems with changing mass (ejecting or accreting propellant).
• Relate exhaust velocity, mass flow rate, and acceleration in qualitative rocket-thrust reasoning.
• Use the idea of momentum exchange to predict the direction of thrust when mass leaves or enters a system.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how fossil, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and genetic evidence support common descent and evolutionary change
• Analyze how patterns across different evidence sources strengthen scientific explanations of evolution
• Use vocabulary such as homologous structures, analogous structures, and phylogenetic trees to describe evolutionary relationships

Learning Objectives

• Explain how albedo changes the amount of solar energy reflected back into space
• Analyze how ice cover changes can create warming or cooling feedback loops
• Evaluate how clouds and atmospheric conditions alter the energy reaching Earth’s surface+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition interact to shape landscapes and create sedimentary records.
• Use process-response thinking (climate, vegetation, tectonics) to predict changes in surface-change rates.
• Interpret sediment budgets and link them to channel profile behavior and depositional environments.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how transcription and translation convert genetic information into functional proteins.
• Describe how promoters, enhancers, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression.
• Interpret how gene regulatory networks contribute to tissue specificity and timing of protein production.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how gravitational and electric fields assign force per unit mass or charge at each point in space.
• Interpret field lines, including how direction and line density relate to field strength.
• Apply the superposition principle to determine net field from multiple sources.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how energy from the Sun drives interacting processes in the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice
• Describe positive and negative feedbacks in Earth’s climate system and give real examples
• Evaluate how feedbacks can shift the likelihood of droughts, heavy precipitation, and heat waves

Learning Objectives

• Explain the photoelectric effect using photon energy, work function, and maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
• Interpret experimental results using threshold frequency and stopping potential.
• Relate photon flux to photoelectric current and distinguish it from kinetic energy effects.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks transform through rock-cycle processes.
• Trace how weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, and burial contribute to sedimentary rock formation.
• Describe how heat and pressure drive metamorphism and how melting and crystallization restore igneous rocks.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how erosion and weathering reshape Earth’s surface and transport material through different agents (water, wind, ice, gravity).
• Identify how sediment properties and landforms provide evidence for past erosion, transport, and depositional environments.
• Connect layered sediment records and surface patterns (elevation and slope) to deeper geologic processes such as uplift.

Learning Objectives

• Predict molecular shape and bond angles using VSEPR electron-domain counting
• Relate molecular shape to hybridization and bonding directionality
• Explain how molecular geometry and symmetry determine polarity and intermolecular interactions+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain interference using phase differences and amplitude relationships in wave superposition
• Determine conditions for constructive and destructive interference and relate them to resultant amplitude
• Analyze standing wave patterns (nodes and antinodes) using wavelength and boundary conditions+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how nucleic acid amplification (e.g., PCR) and sequencing generate measurable biological data.
• Interpret how sequencing read mappings and expression profiles support or limit conclusions about genetic function.
• Compare genome modification approaches (conceptually) and describe evidence criteria for linking edits to outcomes.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how slow processes (weathering, erosion, deposition, and tectonics) build the geologic record over immense timescales.
• Compare catastrophic events (large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) with gradual processes in how they reshape landscapes and rocks.
• Use evidence from landforms and rock layers to infer relative timing and possible process rates.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how collision frequency and collision energy affect reaction rates.
• Relate changes in concentration, temperature, and physical state/surface area to observed rate trends.
• Use activation energy to justify why some collisions produce products and others do not.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how matter cycles through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere using water and carbon as examples.
• Analyze how energy transfer and matter movement are linked in Earth system processes.
• Evaluate cause-and-effect relationships between cycle changes and observable impacts such as weathering rates or atmospheric gas levels.

Learning Objectives

• Explain how citation ethics supports attribution, data provenance, and authorship integrity in science.
• Identify best practices for using persistent identifiers, metadata standards, and data repositories to enable reproducibility.
• Describe responsibilities for reporting negative results and handling sensitive data without compromising validation and transparency.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Understand the principles of radiometric dating and how decay rates are used to determine the age of rocks and minerals.
• Identify different radiometric dating methods such as uranium–lead, potassium–argon, and carbon-14, and their applications.
• Explain concepts like half-life, closure temperature, and isotope systematics in the context of geological dating.+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how scientific and technological decisions create societal tradeoffs involving benefits, harms, and distributional effects
• Analyze real-world examples (energy transitions, vaccine distribution, and data privacy) to identify equity, public health, and environmental justice concerns
• Evaluate how governance frameworks, cost-benefit reasoning, and risk perception influence policy priorities

Learning Objectives

• Distinguish between precision and accuracy and identify random vs. systematic sources of measurement error
• Apply significant figures and instrument resolution to determine uncertainty bounds
• Calculate and interpret uncertainty propagation in multi-step measurements+ Show more

Learning Objectives

• Explain how greenhouse gases and aerosols influence Earth’s radiative balance and climate forcing.
• Interpret atmospheric concentration time series and connect them to sources and sinks.
• Describe key stratospheric ozone chemistry processes and how they relate to air quality and UV radiation.

Learning Objectives

• Evaluate scientific claims by identifying the role of empirical evidence and transparency.
• Distinguish strong scientific reasoning from weak arguments, bias, and overgeneralization.
• Explain how peer evaluation and replication increase confidence in results.+ Show more